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The basic laws assert that, according to Cipolla (Cipolla, 2019): 1. Everyone inevitably underestimates the number of stupid individuals in circulation. 2. The probability of an individual being stupid is independent of any characteristic of that person. 3. A stupid person is one who causes losses to another person or a group of people while deriving no gain and potentially incurring losses. 4. Non-stupid individuals consistently underestimate the damaging power of stupid individuals. In particular, they often forget that dealing with or associating with stupid people is invariably a costly mistake. 5. A stupid person is the most dangerous type of person, more dangerous than a bandit.

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